Norm's
      Motorcycle Tips & Tune up's


      Face it...they're machines, existing in a harsh outdoor environment, miles pile on and sooner or later things will tarnish & wear. To make your fine investment last longer,look better and perform efficiently and safely I have assembled the following list of tune up - maintenance tips. I tried to keep these tips as generic as possible, however my main experience is with Yamaha motorcycles most notably the 1970 to 85 models. Most of the sketches and illustrations are noted as Yamaha source.

      Also is a listing of Tools, most notably the plans for making your own "YICS" carburetor sync tool and a reserve fuel supply for doing tank off carb tunings and rejets, driveshaft pullers and more...

      General rule of Thumb - check everything once per season or every 2500 miles - exceptions = valves, plugs, generator brushes, fork oil - every 10,000.


      TIPS LISTING

      #1Manuals
      #2 Wrenches
      #3 Oil Change
      #4 Driveshafts
      #5 Middle & final drives
      #6 Fork oil
      #7 Carb sync
      #8 Brakes
      #9 Polish
      #10 Seat repairs
      #11 Valve adjust
      #12 Spark plugs
      #13 Oils
      #15 Fuse Block Replacement
      #14 Cable lube
      #16 Drive Belts
      #17 Chain maintenance
      #18 Carb overflow
      #20 XS1100 2nd gear quick fix
      #21 XS1100 Ignition Trouble Shooting
      #22 Carb Tuning for Performance
      #23 Cam Chain Replacement


      Tip #1 Manuals
      You're busy taking of that side cover when something flies out the side at 200 mph, was it a UFO or a scared rat ? Maybe it was a spring or check valve ? Buy a good quality shop manual. The best is the official factory" shop - service manuals. these normally run $40-$50 but are first rate, include all the specs and lists of special tools. Clymer (or Haynes - ed) is good second choice, at about half the price of the factory model. A good service manual will run approximately the cost of a one or two hour shop charge.

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      Tip #2Wrenches
      Get yourself a pair of torque wrenches. Unless you plan turning pro. don't spend the money to get the high priced units. A good foot - pound wrench 0 to 100 ftlbs is fine with a simple pointer arm and a inch pound wrench is a must! most of the small 8 & 10 mm bolts are set to 40 to 80 inch pounds. Most good inch pound wrenches go from 0 to 110 inch lbs

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      Tip #3 Oil Change
      Warm up the engine prior to changing oil, this will help speed the process and flush all those chunky things out. It's a good idea to drain the oil into a pan with a fine screen or loose knit cloth cover over it, this will trap any metal parts and could help in trouble shooting possible unusual noises or shifting problems. Replace oil drain plug watch the torque many a pan is wrecked by to strong an arm normal torque is anywhere from 25 to 35 ftlbs. change the filter, most large displacement bikes have paper oil filter but some of the older small bikes don't i.e. Honda 450's used a centrifugal oil slinger which is normally not serviced. Use a good grade of oil as recommended in your service manual , I use 20w-50 weight in My air cooled four as the operating temp is higher than that of the water cooled mills.
      All You Ever Wanted to Know About Oil

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      Tip #4 Driveshafts
      Most motorcycle driveshafts require routine (usually seasonal) disassembly, cleaning and re-greasing. Honda,Yamaha,Suzuki,Kawasaki shafts are very similar in construction. The
      shaft has a standard non - serviceable U joint located near the front at the swing arm pivot point and a male - female spline hookup at the rear differential. Place the bike on the center stand and remove the rear wheel axle, usually a clamp bolt on one side and a axle nut on the gear side - remove the nut before loosening the clamp bolt or the axle will just spin. pull the axle out. The disk brake caliper should simply pivot out of the way and there is normally a spacer between the rear wheel and frame that will fall out at this point. Move the wheel away from the gear housing and roll out the back. Remove the bolt holding the shock to the gearcase. Remove the (4) bolts attaching the rear gear assemble to the hollow shaft housing. Carefully slide the gearcase back and out. Clean & inspect the female splines check for wear and thin spots look into the shaft housing you will see the male end of the shaft spines, if possible get a toothbrush and clean the male spines in place, don't remove the shaft unless it's worn or if this cleaning approach just doesn't seem to work. If the splines are worn thin or chipped, you will be faced with removing the shaft. The shaft has a small spline assembly at the forward end that fits into the U joint. You may have to fashion a special Tool for this. Put your shoulder up against the rear fender to steady the bike, insert the tool around the back of the spine and pull the shaft out, may pull a little hard so be ready. To replace the shaft you will have to slide the thing back up the hollow swing arm where it will fit back into the U joint this may take some wiggling and tapping, don't hit the shaft end with a hammer use a plastic mallet or a small block of wood and take it easy. It may help to slide the back of the rubber joint cover boot ahead and prop the U joint end up to meet the shaft end - I said it's not easy ! Helps if there a helper to watch the U joint end.
      Most shafts have a grease fitting on the swing arm tube that is set to make a somewhat feeble attempt at spraying grease at the spines - this normally doesn't work. Just fill the female end of the spline assembly with the recommended grease (Molybdenum disulfide grease NLGI-2M or equal, check your manual for proper spec.) reassemble by filling the female section of the spline assembly you will find the grease will work it's way around the male spines upon assemble, centrifugal force will continue to work the grease out and around the spines in use. I would recommend once a year or every 5,000 miles. Failure to manually clean & grease the spines in this way will result in driveshaft failure. Most shafts run $100-150 at the junk yards. $300 new. (USA)

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      Tip #5 Middle & Final drives
      (shaft models) drain and refill every season - good winter project. follow the manual and again watch the torque specs. fill the gear cases as recommended with SAE 80-90w API Hypoid gear oil.

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      Tip #6 Fork oil
      Again this is a seasonal thing, draining is easy. Get the bike up on the center stand. If your bike has air valves on the tube tops, remove the valve with a standard tire valve removal tool. Place a pan next to the front wheel and remove the
      drain screw on that side of the front shock, it's normally a Phillips head screw or 8mm hex head down near the front axle. Oil will start coming out, if yours didn't have a air valve just pump the front up & down slightly, this will pump the oil out just fine. Here's the shortcut routine. Most manuals will have your prop up the front end and remove the fork caps in order to fill the thing back up. Just get your standard 8 or 10 oz. pump type oil can, fill with proper oil ( usually 8 or 10 oz.) and pump the oil into the drain opening. You'll need to be quick on the next move, have your index finger ready, remove the oil can and quickly place your finger over the drain hole,now grab the drain screw and again do a quick change, tighten up and replace the air valves and that's it, You will loose a little oil during the switching so don't be afraid to add an extra oz. or two. (depends on how fast you are) on the bikes with no air valve loosen the top cap-bolt approx. one turn so air can leak out as you pump the oil in. Hint most recommend 10w oil but you can increase the dampening effectiveness with 20 or 30w, to loosen up the dampening try auto transmission oil or Hydraulic jack oil (good for colder riding conditions)

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      Tip #7 Carb Sync.
      - For two, three and four cylinder inline engines. Rough idle, galloping, backfire uneven acceleration? This is a good indication you need the carbs synchronized. The procedure is fairly similar for all multi carb engines including goldwings, V-max and a great many more. The idea is to get all the individual cylinder vacuums to match. I'll use the standard inline four as a demo type. First thing pull the seat & fuel tank so you can get at the carb adjustments and vacuum connections. You'll need a auxiliary fuel supply as the tuning will take enough time to drain the carbs dry.
      Here's a neat little tank that will do the job with minor cash outlay. Ok first fill the temp-tank about 1/2 full, slip the hose over the spout tip, there is no need to vent the tank as the sides are soft and will "inhale" as fuel is used, Hook up the tank to one of the fuel lines (some bikes have (2) lines that feed all the carbs, one is standard the other is reserve, some have (4) lines use any one line) using a 1/4" drill bit or short phillips screwdriver plug the remaining lines so fuel doesn't spray all over. just lay the tank on the frame or faring just so gravity can do its thing. I like to start with the idle fuel mixture settings, check your manual to see what the mixture screws are suppose to be set at. (many are non-adjustable skip this step and go to sync) Start engine & allow to warm up, you may wish to place a fan in front of the engine to keep from overheating, very lightly bottom the mixture screws and back them out to factory recommendations. turn the screw on #1 out til you notice a roughening idle go back to the original set and turn in til the idle roughens again, set the screw at the mid point of these two, repeat for other carbs.Some carbs use a fuel mixture screw and some use a air bleed, the procedure is the same. On the mix type clockwise is leaner counter clock is richer the air bleed is just the opposite.
      CARB SYNC:
      To sync the carbs you will need a gauge set or one of the more popular carb stick synchronizers. These can be purchased through "Dennis Kirk" 1-800-328-9280 or J.C. Whitney 1-312-431-6102. Most tuners prefer the mercury carb sticks as they are more reliable in the long term and don't require any special calibration. The sticks come with hose adapters for the Honda-Suzuki treaded vacuum hookups, most Yam-Kaw use a direct hose coupling. Get the sticks up and hooked to the respective carbs, be careful as to keep the vinyl hoses clear of engine head or hot surfaces. Multi-carbs use a bell crank as a link to the twist grip, on the Kawasaki the bell crank is on a shaft that runs through the top of the carb bodies, Yamaha uses a BC on the #3 carb and the rest link to that. (Most use the common shaft type - slide body - Yamaha uses a butterfly type carb) Which ever system is used the basic sync procedure is the same. For Yamaha's go to the "YICS" section for the tuning procedure.
      OK - fan on, aux fuel hooked up, idle mix set, carb sticks hooked up and set, start the engine again and set the idle speed to about 1000-1200 rpm watch the gauges if pick one carb and set the vacuum of the others to match this one, pick one that is not the highest or lowest, one in the middle. The adjusting screws are located under the carburetor top cover cap, where shaft goes through the carb body. The screws are normally painted red or yellow to mark there factory setting. CAUTION don't rev the engine slam the trottle closed the engine will suck in mercury, be gentle with the grip. The order in which the carbs are adjusted doesn't matter as long as they all come out balanced in the end.

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      Tip #8 Brakes
      Drum brakes are pretty basic, cable or linkage activated, no brake fluid or hoses, pull the wheels, check the pads, if they're thin - replace them.
      Disc. brakes are a little more maintenance demanding. In time the brake fluid will become contaminated with scale and sludge - all related to water. Best advise is flush the system twice a year. just hook a piece of 1/4" x 24" I.D. clear hose to the
      Bleeder nipple on the brake caliper put the other end into a can or jar, loosen the bleeder 1/2 to 3/4 turns, as you slowly pump the hand lever or foot lever, add new fluid to the master. continue till the fluid is nice & clear. Tighten the bleeder, top off the master and close.The hose prevents air from being drawn into the system and give you a visual on the condition of the fluid.
      Note some late model bikes use a Unified braking system where the rear & one of the front disks are connected together.
      Stuck calipers If let go the sludge,water & scale will cause the caliper pistons to seize and stick, the brakes will overheat and wear prematurely. To remedy this situation, remove the calipers - don't remove the brake lines yet. Remove the brake pads, and the cover to the master cylinder. Place a can under the loose caliper and start pumping the master as you add fluid. (Using air pressure won't work on a stuck caliper piston) the piston will pop out and fluid will dump like crazy.Clean the piston with steel wool and the interior of the caliper with a clean rag & clean brake fluid CAUTION do not use gas or any solvents on brake parts as the seals will be destroyed. Inspect the seals for torn edges & cracks, if they look good put the thing back together and bleed the system. A vacuum pump is really handy for this operation as sometimes the master will get "air bound" and refuse to pump. J.C. Whitney and many auto-parts stores have the pumps. Use DOT 3 or 4 as recommended by MFR. be careful with DOT5 as it is not compatible with DOT3 or 4.

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      Tip #9 Polishing
      The once shinny engine covers & aluminum frame members are now chipped and dull. Here's an easy way to get these parts mirror like in appearance. Go to your local auto parts place and pick up a 7 or 8" soft polishing wheel for a electric drill. and a can of standard rubbing compound, medium grit. Apply a fair amount to the wheel and buff away. It takes a little time to get the old clear coat finish off of the parts but once it's off you will be amazed at the shine. When you're done clean the surfaces with a non-residue cleaner like lacquer thinner. Apply a coat of "Nylac" - Eastman Company 1-800-345-1178 very good clear finish (can just brush it on) won't chip or yellow rated for 650 degrees temp. Now your looking like new, the Nylac will preserve the shine. If you opt. to not clear coat you will have to rebuff every time the thing gets wet.

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      Tip #10 Seat Repairs
      Is the seat getting a few minor tears & cracks.? you can do a pretty good fix on the small rips by using a needle and clear fishing line. it's strong and won't rot like standard thread. To get that new color try some black vinyl stain - it really works. - Dennis Kirk part # 30-1249

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      Tip #11 Valves
      Some bikes like Harley Davidsons and Moto Guzzi still use push rods and rocker arms in the valve train but most new "Superbikes" take advantage of overhead cam technology. Push rod engines are simple to adjust, go back to tip #1 check out the manual for clearance specs. Check the appropriate clearances and by use of the adjusting cams or screws bring to correct tolerances. This type - adjust every season or 2500 miles. Overhead cam engines require much less maintenance - 10,000 between adjustments - however the adjustment procedure is more difficult and requires some special tools.Honda inline fours (DOHC) require a special feeler gauge to get down to the shim bucket. All (DOHC) require a valve bucket holder, the bucket holds the spacer shim on top of the valve stem. Follow the procedures in your manual to the letter, Watch the exhaust valve clearances as not to get them to tight - loose is the better alternative.
      Caution with the bucket holding tool in place be very carefully you don't rotate the cam lobe into the tool as this will break a portion of the head off - Mega bucks! Most dealers (if there any good) will take the old shim in trade + 2-3 bucks. Make sure you place the shim in with the number down so the came doesn't wear the number off. (dealers won't take shims without numbers) Also you may be able to switch shims from one valve to another minimizing the number of shims you will have to purchase.

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      Tip #12 Spark Plugs
      Changing plugs is pretty easy but there are some important hints to observe. If you live in seasonal area and the bike is up on blocks for part of the season, it's a good idea to change the plugs annually, 12,000 mi or 18 months is normal. Before you unscrew the plugs, get a air hose and blow off the top of the head around the plugs, failure to do this simple step may lead to sand & dirt falling into the cylinder when the plug is removed. Check the plug condition and color, this will tell you a lot about the condition of the engine and fuel/timing. Color should be light brown,white and blistered would indicate overheating and to much ignition advance.
      When you tighten the plugs, be careful not to over tighten, many a head is ruined due to excessive force with a plug wrench. torque is 18 ftlbs standard.
      Wet Black Shine--this is probably a plug fouled from excess oil consumption due to worn rings, worn piston, worn or loose valves, wrong oil ratio (2 cycle) or faulty ignition.
      Coated Electrode--Plug electrodes coated with a dry black soot indicate a fuel mixture that is too rich.
      Glassy Electrode--PIug electrodes covered with a light brown glassy deposit have overheated. These plugs may also have cracked insulators or eroded electrodes. If the plugs is off correct temperature range, the condition may be caused by a fuel mixture that is too lean, an engine that is running too hot, improper ignition timing or poorly seated valves. A normal plug will have a white, yellow, light tan or rusty brown powdery deposit on the electrode. If the plug is fouled, corroded, burnt or cracked, you have some other problem on your hands that a new plug is not going to fix. When reinstalling the plug, do not coat the threads with oil or anti-seize compound. This will reduce the thermal transfer through the plug. Gasketed spark plugs are put in finger tight, then turned 1/4th turn further, no more. Tapered seat plugs get only an additional 1/16th of a turn after finger tight. Always use the correct heat range as recommended by the manufacturer.

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      Tip #13 Oils - Synthetic / Mineral
      All Lubrication myths resloved!
      If You maintain your bike according to schedule, us a mineral/synthetic oil blend. Do not use non-motorcycle oil in a motorcycle. Use 100% synthetic motorcycle oil under three conditions. First if you plan to subject the bike to extra stress, such as a summer vacation tour through the high desert, or pull a trailer or any activity that will create additional heat build up, use a synthetic. Synthetic oil is most beneficial when the engine runs temporarily hotter than usual. Second, if you cannot follow the maintenance schedule, and can only find time to change the oil once or twice a year, better run the most expensive synthetic available. Third, use a 100% synthetic if you ride your bike short distances such that it often runs at less than the normal operating temperature. This condition will affect more motorcycles than one would think. It takes a great distance for a motorcycle to warm up. Under these circumstances, water acids build up rapidly in the crankcase. Unless there are rare circumstances relating to your rnotorcycle, run multi weight detergent oil. It just makes sense. The price difference between a multigrade and a single grade oil is only a few nickels. This is insignificant compared to the price of a blown engine. however, the wider the multi grade range, the greater the percentage of additives. Additives break down faster than the basic stock oil, so keep the range as small as possible. If you run 10W-40, do so and shun running 1OW-50. Run biodegradable oils in two-strokes.

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      Tip #14 Cable Lube
      Cables can be lubed by several methods, you can use a special oiling tool available at most dealerships. This tool just clamps on the cable and a aerosol type lube is used to pressure lube the cable. One other method is to place a small amount of light oil in a balloon, insert the cable into the end of the balloon, tape the balloon to the cable housing using duct tape, hold the thing up in the air and let the oil feed down though the cable by gravity.
      In any case use a light oil or light weight cable lube designed for this purpose or you will develop cold weather problems.

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      Tip #15 Fuse Block Replacement
      Common Problem - after exposure to the elements for year the fuse blocks become corroded and fall apart, you can spice inline fuses or do a professional repair as detailed here.

      This tip provided by JP Honeywell

      The place to buy an Auxiliary Fuse Block is J.C. Whitney. (Part No. 03dh7115w) It costs about $24.95 + shipping and uses spade type automotive fuses. Don't get any of the other fuse blocks from JCW because they won't work for our application. This is the only one they sell which has independent in and out leads. All the others have one input and multiple outputs. Great if you're adding a ton of accessories but inappropriate as a replacement for our fuse block.

      You don't have to know anything about electronics but you do have to work methodically. Don't remove any wires until you're ready to do the whole job. Even then, only work with one wire at a time so you don't connect things incorrectly.

        Parts you'll need:
      1. - Auxiliary fuse block from J.C. Whitney (part number 03dh7115w)
      2. - 8 ea female spade connectors (pref. insulated)
      3. - Crimping tool (my favorite crimping tool is a pair of Vice Grips)
      4. - Wire cutters
      5. - Wire stripper
      6. - New automotive type spade fuses (matched to the same values as the tube type fuses)
      7. - Small piece of 1/8 aluminum to be used as a backing plate for Auxiliary fuse block. 1.5 x 4.25
      8. - 2 small nuts, washers and bolts to attach fuse block to backing plate. (You'll need to keep the bolts which hold the existing fuse block to the frame)
      9. - 2 rubber grommets (as standoffs to fill gap between backing plate and frame.
      Procedure:

      1) Unscrew the bolts which hold the plastic fuse block in place. Leave all the wires in place in the old fuse block at this time.
      2) Take the aluminum backing plate and trace the holes from the original fuse block onto the plate.
      3) Now trace the holes from the new fuse block onto the aluminum backing plate. Make sure the holes aren't too close to allow clearance for the mounting bolts.
      4) Drill holes in backing plate.
      5) Using a new razor blade and a delicate touch, cut back the wrapping on the wiring harness about 2 inches. This will give you more of the wires to work with.
      6) Take a roll of masking tape and make little marker flags for each wire coming into the old fuse box. Make sure the flags are about 3/4 inch above the connector. Label each pair of wires (Ignition, Headlight, etc.) so that you don't screw up the connections.
      7) Carefully remove the wires from the old fuse box. I used a small screwdriver to release the old fuse holders from the plastic box.
      8) With wire cutters, cut off the old fuse holders as close to the crimped connection as possible.
      9) Strip off about 1/4 inch of the insulation and crimp on one of the female spade connectors for each wire. (I know that Doug likes soldering these connections and that's fine but it's kinda hard to work with wires which are so close to the bike.) Using Vice-Grips to crimp these connectors has worked much better for me than the special crimp tools they sell for that job.
      10) Don't use the sheet metal screws that come with the new fuse block. Instead, use appropriate sized bolts to attach it to the backing plate. I chose to have the heads of the bolts on the back side of the backing plate to make sure the extra length of the bolt doesn't dig into the frame plate.
      11) Use the rubber grommets on the bolts on the back side of the bolts which attach the backing plate to the frame plate to make sure that the assembly mounts securely.
      12) Attach the wires to the connectors. I found that having the wires come around the right side of the fuse block (instead of having the wires come around the left side in the stock fuse block) puts less stress on the wires. I did have to change the order of the fuses and wires because one pair of wires seemed a little short to provide a stress free connection.
      13) I used a drawing program to create a label to attach inside the clear plastic cover. I glued it in by "painting" the front side of the label with white glue and putting it in the inside of the plastic cover. (don't worry that you can't read it right now - when it dries it will be clear.) make sure you glue it in right side up as the cover will only go on one way.
      14) Plug in the appropriate fuses and place the clear cover over the fuse block.
      (You can remove the masking tape flags if you'd like to make it look prettier.)

      No more fuse block problems.

      This is a look at the finished project

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      Tip #16 Drive Belts
      Final Drive Belt Maintenance Belt failure is problematic. Often there is no sign that the belt is about to fail. They simply haul off and split. This situation is, of course, totally debilitating. You do not want to be riding down the road miles away from home when the belt rips. There are maintenance tips that may prevent you from being stranded.

      First, belts should be adjusted at the 500 mile break-in mark. After this, belts should be adjusted every 5,000 miles. The belt should have between 3/8ths and 1/2 inch play (i.e., deflection) when a force of ten pounds is applied in the center of the belt

      Second, belt sprockets should be inspected for nicks and gouges. It is possible, although not very probable, that the sprocket could get spurred by road debris.(rocks etc.) A spur on the sprocket could chew on the belt fabric and accelerate belt deterioration.

      Third, replace the belt at the recommended interval. It's expensive but well worth the peace of mind and extra protection. Typically, you do not need to change the sprockets at the same time (as you do on chain final drive). And most importantly - never oil a fabric belt, it will just attract more dirt and grime and cause the belt to fail sooner.

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      Tip #17 Chain Maintenance
      Lubricate the chain after each ride rather than before,This technique has three benefits: First, this gives the lube time to work in between the links. Second, this removes grit and grime. Third for O-ring chains, this dissipates water on the chain. The technique is simple. Place the bike on the center stand, with the engine at idle and the transmission in first, Point the spray into the area between link plates and bushings. This is the area you need to lube. You do not need to lube the roller faces, these faces are designed to contact the sprocket. After the lube sets up, wipe off the excess so it does not collect road kill.

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      Tip #18 Carb Overflow
      Your bikes been sitting around for the winter or longer, you open the fuel pedcocks and gas starts streaming out of the airbox, now what?
      Well no big deal the float needles are scaled up and not making a good seal, you can rip the carbs off and clean or - grab the airhose and give the inlets a shot of 90# air. Many times this will "clear" the debris and you'll be off and riding again.
      Here's a tip on how to make carb rejets & cleaning easier
      This is something I did for my 920 Virago but it should work for any bike with similar carb configuration. This past winter, at least Texas winter, I completely disassembled by 82 Virago and refinished it. While I had the carbs off, I went to the Auto Parts store and bought 4, 5mm bolts that were about 3" long. I also got the nuts and lock washers to match. I took the bolts which had about 5/8" of threads and jammed a nut up against the bolt shank. I placed a lock washer behind the nut and used the bolt assembly to replace the 2 inside float bowl screws on both carbs. After the carbs are put back on the motor, the heads of the bolts hang down just far enough to get a wrench on them. What this gained me was the ability to remove the float bowls without removing the carbs from the engine. If I ever want to re jet the carbs, clean the existing jets, clean the bowls or even adjust the float level I can do so with the bike on it's center stand.

      It will take some time and patience to perform any of the above tasks, it is much quicker than removing the entire carb assembly. I hope this can help someone else. It sure has helped me.

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      Tip #20 XS1100 2nd Gear Quick Fix
      One thing that has worked, that I'd like to share with the poorer XS1100 riders out there, is my Black and Decker 2nd gear fix. After removing the counter shaft with the motor still in the bike (as has been previously described), I tried the following: Using a grinding stone on a drill, I put a new face on the worn dogs on second, cutting back until all the smoothed part was gone. Then with a triangle file, putting pressure mostly at the base, back cut them a bit. Checking the mesh with 5th, I then made sure all 3 dogs contacted together, adjusting with the file. The 5th gear slots were sharpened up by taking a conical grinding bit, and running it a few times at the contact end, from the back relative to 2nd. I cleaned up the scares on the shift fork, hammered it straight, and put it back together. After putting it back together, I have about 1000 miles on it, during which I've hammered the living hell out of 2nd, to see if its going to fail, and as of yet, not a single skip.
      Tip #20 provided by Mike Colicos - 3/22/96
      This is an alternative procedure to total gear & shifting fork replacement. The "back cutting" procedure causes the gears to pull together when engaged rather than push apart, bending the fork and rounding off the gear dogs. Back cutting is a method used for years by progressional shops.

      Caution all the dogs must mesh evenly so no undue pressure is placed on any one gear dog.

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      Tip #21 XS1100 Ignition Trouble Shooting
      The following was submitted by Paul Streit - PAS@hobbes.cca.rockwell.com

      INTRODUCTION

      This article was written after a long and difficult exercise in tracking down and correcting a problem with no spark in cylinders #1 and #4. The diagnosis process required that I study the XS11 ignition system and create several electrical tests. Other than a few basic tools, all you need is an ohmmeter for these tests.

      It began several years ago when the bike would occasionally stop firing in 2 cylinders for a short time. Since it was very brief, there was no way to tell which cylinders had missed or to determine the cause of the problem. As a result, I had no choice but to ride it that way.

      Recently, the problem worsened significantly. Within a few days, the problem became permanent and the bike could not be ridden. In this state, it was simple to determine that cylinders #1 and #4 were not firing. Shortly after starting it, a quick touch of each header pipe showed that the two outside pipes were cold. At this time, it would be easier to locate the cause since it had completely failed. Also, it was more urgent now that I had to drive the car to work.

      IGNITION OVERVIEW

      There are three major ignition components, with wires connecting them; the ignition advance, the ignition unit, and the ignition coils.

      The pick-up coils combined with the ignition advance is under the cover on the left end of the crank. It detects the rotation of the crank using two magnetic pick-up coils (black rectangular things about and inch long). Out of each coil comes two wires.

      The four wires from the pick-up coils go all the way back to the ignition unit mounted on the rear fender. They come in via a four-wire plug. On my '79F, the mapping is as follows:

      • Pick-up coil Ignition unit

      • Upper Blue -- White/Green
      • Upper Rust -- White/Red
      • Lower Blue -- Yellow/Green
      • Lower White -- Yellow/Red

      The ignition unit does its magic and signals the ignition coils when to fire via three wires in an eight-wire plug. The three wires attach to the ignition coils just behind the steering head under the gas tank. The Red/White wire is common to both coils, the Orange wire controls the ignition coil for cylinders #1 and #4, and the Gray wire #2 and #3. If you take off the gas tank, you can easily get to the connectors for these wires located just above the coils.

      TEST AND REPAIR STEPS

      The first thing to do is to check all wires and connectors. Each connector should be disconnected, cleaned by filing lightly or sanding, and lubed with something like tuner cleaner - not -WD-40. A good example of this was a problem I ran intowith this job. Instead of cleaning one connector, I simply pushed it together more tightly. Later, the bike had power but would not crank. I eventually tracked it down to the connector I had tightened. It was for the emergency off circuit. Tightening it had broken the connection and the bike acted as if the emergency off switch was on. After cleaning the connector, the bike was fine.

      Another thing to check for is cracked spark plug wires, which allow the very high voltage spark current to escape and short to the engine. This problem is typically the worst when the engine is wet. You can check for this by running the bike in the dark (don't do this in an enclosed area) and throwing water in the wires. Visibly check for sparks anywhere a plug wires nears the engine. Also check for sparks jumping from the plug caps past the plug to the engine.

      Try correcting this problem by smearing dielectric grease on the wires, inside the plug caps, around the plug insulator, and anywhere else where shorts occur. Hopefully this solves the problem because the wires are permanently attached to the ignition coils and new OEM coils and wires were $120 several years ago. Perhaps aftermarket brands would be a better choice if the wires are bad.

      NOTE: At XS11.COM there is a Tech Tip for replacing the original coil wires and caps. "New Wires in Old Coils".

      The next thing to check is the famous broken wire problem in the ignition advance. Since this is such a common problem with the XS11, the odds are pretty good that it may be the source of the problem.

      There is a simple way to check the ignition advance wires. Take off the four-wire plug on the ignition unit. Using an ohmmeter, check the resistance between Yellow/Green and Yellow/Red, and between White/Green and White/Red. I measured about 600 ohms. These pairs of wires simply run down to the pick-up coils and loop back to the ignition unit.

      While the ohmmeter still connected, rotate the ignition advance unit a few times and move the wires around. If you lose continuity at all, or the resistance changes much, there is a problem with the wires and you should repair them. Since the pick-up coils are nothing more than magnets, there probably isn't much more that can go wrong with them.

      If the pick-up coils check out, the next thing to do is check the ignition coils. My Clymer manual says to measure the resistance between the plug wire caps for each coil. It should be 15K ohms +/- 10% at 68F. The other test is to measure resistance between the colored wires leading to the coils from the ignition unit. At the coils themselves, expect 1.5 ohms +/- 10% at 68F.

      In addition to these checks, I suggest that you measure the resistance of the colored wires at the ignition unit. Pull out the eight-wire plug and measure resistance between Orange and Red/White, and between Gray and Red/White. Expect it to be a bit higher (approx 1 ohm higher) than what you got at the coils themselves because there is a resistor in the circuit. If these tests are all OK, then the coils are probably fine.

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      ADVANCED TESTS

      If you've made it this far and have not found the problem yet, chances are pretty good it is the ignition unit. However, it might make sense to be more sure of that before taking the ignition unit apart or replacing it. Just be careful with these steps - if you're not careful, you could break something!

      First, make sure everything you've unplugged or disconnected is back where it belongs. Next, unscrew one spark plug from a failing cylinder and one from a cylinder that works. Stick them back into the plug caps and lay them so the hex nut part of the plug is touching the engine metal. Crank the engine briefly and confirm that there is no spark on the missing cylinder and there is a spark on the good one.

      To completely eliminate the ignition coils as the problem, swap the orange and gray wires leading the ignition coils. Crank the engine again. If the dead plug now fires and the good one is dead, then you have a bad ignition coil. Otherwise, it is either the ignition unit, the pick-up coils, or the wiring. Put the orange and gray wire back into their proper connector.

      The next test is to determine if the problem is in the ignition unit or the pick-up coils. This step is a little risky, so be careful. First, record the wire colors in the four-wire plug on the ignition unit. Now, double-check what you just wrote down. Next, remove each wire connector from the plastic four-wire connector. Under each wire connector, inside the plastic plug, there is a small metal hook. Use a small screwdriver forced in from the back of the connector to unhook the connector and pull it out.

      Once all four wires are out of the plug, reconnect them in their original order. Crank the engine and make sure the bad plug is still bad and the good one is still good. Now, move the upper pair to the bottom and the lower pair to the top. In my case, White/Green and White/Red were switched with Yellow/Green and Yellow/Red. Keep each pair's order the same relative to each other.

      Now, crank the bike again. If the bad stays bad and the good plug stays good, then the problem is your ignition unit. If the plug spark changes, then the pick-up coils are the problem. Carefully put the wires back into the plastic plug in their proper place.

      In my case, the problem was in the ignition unit. Rather than replace it, I opened it up. The circuitry inside the unit is quite heavy-duty and it looks like it was designed to take a lot of vibration. However, in my case, the problem was obvious. Near the place where the eight-wire connector attaches, one soldier connection was cracked and partially gone. A quick check with the ohmmeter confirmed that there was resistance between it and the plug connector. Within a few minutes, I had resoldiered the connection. Shortly after that, I had the bike running on all four cylinders again.

      It took me almost a week of nights to figure this out. I hope the time invested in recording the details helps all of my fellow XS11 riders out there. Certainly, they've taken the time to help me when I've needed it.

      Thanks to Paul for this valuable Tip

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      Tip #22 Carb Tuning for Performance

      Here is an little article found in our local rag (Bike S-A) written by a chap called Piet Spoed (Speed)van Zyl........I hope that this could be of help to someone out there. It is headlined "Performance Tips". I quote: "CV carb's slide lifts in direct relation to the motor's RPM under load and is not linked to the throttle as in the case with the non vacuum slide carb.
      (1) Stages Lets assume your bike redlines at 11000 rpm:- The first step (from idle to approx 4000 rpm) is controlled by the pilot circuit which is made up of the pilot jet, pilot air jet, fuel or air screw and float level. So if the mis- fire or whatever occurs below 4000 rpm don't look at changing the mainjet. The second step, most commonly known as the mid-range (3000 to 8000 rpm) is controlled by the needle (which works according to it's shape and clip position) and the needle jet (emulsion tube). This is usually the area most affected by the fitting of aftermarket pipes and the stage where you spend most of your riding time. Note that the main jet still has very little effect below 8000 rpm. The final step (7500 to 11000 rpm) is controlled by the main jet size, the bigger the jet size the richer the fuel mixture will become.
      (2) Tuning: Now you know that if the bike splutters off idle below 3000rpm that you should look at a)pilot jet-blocked or fallen out. b)fuel screw to rich or to lean. c)fuel level in carb bowl incorrect- leaking needle and seat or float height incorrectly adjusted. If the motor doesn't respond well or surges at 6000 rpm look at working on the needle clip position, moving the clip up (needle down) makes the mixture leaner and vice versa. It is only while running flat out above 8000 rpm that any changes done to the main jet size will be left to do.
      (3) Rich or lean How do I know if the misfire or surging is caused by a lean or rich fuel mixture. Does the problem become worse as the motor warms up? If yes, the carbs are set to rich and needs leaning out. To check for leanness is to give the carbs more air by removing the airbox lid. If it makes the problem worse then the carb is set to lean and needs more fuel. The latter can be confirmed by going the opposite direction-giving the carbs less air (partially closing the airbox intake). The carburetion should improve. Remove the carbs and do the necessary adjustment if needed.
      (4) Dynojet- For the 'tuner' who would like to go a little further there are kits available such as the Dynojet kits which includes all the hardware to get your bike dialled in, especially when you have jetting adjustments to be done, like fitting aftermarket exhausts. The kits are custom designed for each specific bike and include comprehensive instructions and all the hardware you need such as special needles, jets, springs, drills, etc. Note that these kits are for CV carbs only" Alex. To live is to ride!

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      Tip #23 Cam Chain Replacement

      As you know, there are two ways to replace a #412 style silent camchain. The first one is to split the cases apart if the chain sprocket is not located at the end of the crankshaft. This method requires a lot of shop time and money. The other method is one that I've used for the last 13 years with 100% success. It deals with cutting the chain. First, you must purchase the Motion Pro tool called Camchain cutting and riveting tool. Once you have access to the old camchain (from camshaft area), you drive out one of the pins on the chain right thru with the tool. You also drive out a pin on the new chain, but not completely out, since you will want later to redrive that same pin in for reconnection. You then connect the new chain onto the old chain by using safety wire, spacing the two links as if there was a continuous link. Then slowly and manually rotate the crankshaft until the new chain emerges from the engine. Note that the camshafts must be removed before this procedure as a valve may hit a piston during rotation. Then disconnect the two chains, and toss out the old one. Now is the time to reconnect the ends. Use one of the cam sprockets and roll the ends on it. This facilitates alignment and operation if you're alone to do it. When the holes on the chain are aligned, use the tool to drive the pin back in until it emerges at the other end by the same distance each side. Then carefully rivet the end ensuring that it slightly mushrooms both sides, but doesn't actually break the end of the pin. Finally check for absence of kinks or stiffness on that link. I have replaced several chains that way without any comebacks over the years. But it must be done right! A tip from an A.M.I. graduate located in Canada.


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